Fig. 2

Profiles of Ni–Ti orthodontic wire-induced tooth movement model. A Time course of the experiments. B Gross appearance of the maxilla specimens 5 days after orthodontic force application; vertical view (left), front view (right). C HE staining appearance of the periodontal tissue of unilateral incisor in control, 2D and 5D groups. The rectangle in the middle microphotographs indicates the region of the high magnitude microphotograph on the tension and pressure sides. Scale bars: 100 μm. AB, alveolar bone; PDL, periodontal ligament; MI, maxillary incisor. D Reconstructed Micro-CT images of the maxilla specimens on day 5. E The extent of tooth movement after 2 and 5 days of OTM with the Ni–Ti orthodontic wire compared to the control group, in which tooth movement was always 0 mm. F Daily changes in body weight throughout the 5-day observation period in both experimental and control groups. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001; n = 6 per group