Fig. 1

Esketamine alleviates BBB disruption and brain tissue defects in TBI mice. (A) Representative images of EB extravasation in brain tissues from Sham, TBI, and TBI + Esk-treated mice, illustrating BBB permeability. (B) Quantification of EB’s extravasation in brain tissues (F = 33.11). (C) Representative coronal brain sections stained with H&E, showing the extent of tissue defects. Scale bar = 10 mm. (D) Quantification of HE of spared brain tissues (n = 3, F = 14.63). Statistical significance: Data are represented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001