Fig. 6

Crisdesalazine treatment reduces neuroinflammation and neuronal necrosis in a macrophage-neuronal co-culture system. a mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in SH-SY5Y neuron cells which were co-cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Compared to the untreated group, the expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were significantly decreased in the crisdesalazine-treated group. b, c Co-culture groups that were not treated with crisdesalazine exhibited a significant increase in neuronal necrosis compared to the naïve group. The crisdesalazine-treated group showed reduced neuronal necrosis compared to the group that was not treated with crisdesalazine. Results are shown as means ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001