Fig. 3

The AT2-blocker PD123319 induces S100A10 expression in astrocytes with increased proliferation whereas Telmisartan does not affect S100A10 or Ki67 expression. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared different experimental groups as marked by horizontal bar; graphs depict mean values ± standard error of the mean (SEM). A Experimental timeline. Three to five days after subculturing, astrocytes were left unstimulated or treated with 10 µM telmisartan or 10 µM PD123319 for 48 h. They were then exposed to 2 h of oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) before they were allowed to recover in regular culture medium for 24 h. Afterward, the cells were used for further experiments. Unstimulated astrocytes, which were exposed to 2 h of OGD, served as controls. B S100A10 marker expression in untreated (unstimulated) or OGD-treated (2 h of OGD) astrocytes with or without the additional preincubation with 10 µM telmisartan or 10 µM PD123319. C Proliferation rate of untreated (unstimulated) and OGD-treated (2 h OGD) astrocytes, with or without preincubation with 10 µM telmisartan or 10 µM PD123319 over 48 h as assessed by mRNA-ki67 expression. D ATP concentration of untreated or OGD-treated astrocytes with or without preincubation with 10 µM telmisartan or 10 µM PD123319 over 48 h. E Expression of the connexin Cx43 in untreated or OGD-treated astrocytes with or without preincubation with 10 µM telmisartan and 10 µM PD123319 over 48 h. F Representative immunocytochemical stainings of astrocytes with Glia Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) + (green) and S100A10 + (red) in unstimulated (control), PD123319-preincubated (PD123319), or after 2 h of OGD (OGD + Control). Hoechst stained all cell nuclei blue; scale bars = 50 µm